家具检测用环境舱恒温恒湿系统方案改进

对所研制的第一代环境舱恒温恒湿系统进行实验及分析,分析环境舱内壁结霜凝水以及检测甲醛和TVOC不够准确等问题产生的原因,并提出具有针对性的改进方案。实验表明,改进后的系统可有效解决上述问题,能够精确控制环境舱内部温湿度的恒定,从而保证环境舱在工作过程中对样品分析结果的准确性。     

DPS软件在中绥12杨光响应曲线拟合中的应用

采用Li-6400光合仪测定了中绥12杨的光响应数据。分别采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线修正模型及指数模型对光响应曲线进行拟合,以探讨几种模型对中绥12杨的适用性并介绍在DPS数据处理系统中的操作步骤。结果表明,直角双曲线、非直角双曲线及指数模型得到的最大净光合速率大于实测值;直角双曲线和非直角双曲线模型得到的光饱和点远小于实测值;应用指数模型时(假设0.9Pn max或0.99Pn max所对应的光强为Isat)则无法求解光饱和点;直角双曲线修正模型拟合得到的各项光合参数均与实际相符,是中绥12杨光合光响应的最适宜模型。     

滇西北4个高原湖泊演变特征及其驱动因子

基于纳帕海、属都湖、碧塔海和剑湖4个高原湖泊矢量数据,利用Arc Map 10、Fragstats 3.3、Excel等软件,系统分析了1955~2012年4个高原湖泊水域面积和形状的时空演变规律及其驱动因子。结果表明,(1)湖泊时空演变规律各异。纳帕海水域面积和形状复杂程度都处于无规律的波动变化过程中。属都湖水域面积和形状复杂程度1955~1994年都处于增加状态,1994~2011年保持不变。碧塔海水域面积和形状复杂程度没有发生变化。剑湖水域面积1957~2012年呈减少趋势,形状复杂程度呈增加趋势。(2)时空变化程度各不相同。4个高原湖泊时空变化程度从大到小的排序为纳帕海﹥剑湖﹥属都湖﹥碧塔海。(3)演变驱动因子不尽一致。纳帕海的驱动因子主要为疏浚落水洞、建闸控水、泥沙淤积、改造河道、气候变化、湖水污染和旅游干扰。剑湖的驱动因子主要为疏浚河道、泥沙淤积、湖滩开发、建闸控水、气候变化和湖水污染。属都湖的驱动因子主要为筑坝蓄水。人为干扰和气候变化没有导致碧塔海湖泊的变化。(4)受人为干扰程度有差异。4个高原湖泊受人为干扰程度由重到轻的排序为纳帕海﹥剑湖﹥属都湖﹥碧塔海。     

基于"量-质-域-流"四维指标体系的水资源荷载状况评价——以黑河流域三地市为例

随着社会经济用水不断增加，水资源供需矛盾加剧，水资源系统出现荷载不均衡现象，制约了区域发展，危及生态环境良性循环。本文从水资源系统的负荷需求和承载能力出发，基于“量、质、域、流”四个维度构建水资源荷载均衡评价指标体系，采用指标规范化的正态云模型，评价2015年黑河流域张掖市、酒泉市、阿拉善盟水资源配置方案的荷载均衡状况，并依据负荷与承载能力评分二维坐标，分出低负荷-高承载能力、低负荷-低承载能力、高负荷-高承载能力和高负荷-低承载能力四个分区。评价结果表明：2015年三地水资源荷载状况均为Ⅳ级，张掖市综合评分为3.697，酒泉市为3.657，阿拉善盟为3.901，三地均处于高负荷-低承载能力区域；三地在水质维度上处于低负荷-高承载能力区间，水质维度评分均处于Ⅱ级，酒泉市水质评分优于张掖市，张掖市水质评分优于阿拉善盟；在水量、水域、水流维度上均处于高负荷-低承载能力区间，水量方面三地处于Ⅳ级，张掖市优于酒泉市，酒泉市优于阿拉善盟；水域方面张掖和阿拉善盟评分均处于Ⅴ级，酒泉评分处于Ⅳ级；水流方面三地均处于Ⅴ级。需要采取调控手段在水量、水域、水流方面上进行“增强承载”和“卸荷”。     

Bonga shad (Ethmalosa fimbriata) spawning tactics in an upwelling environment

Successful recruitment in small pelagic fish populations inhabiting upwelling zones is subject to variation in fecundity and is driven by spatial and temporal fluctuations in environmental conditions, that is, mainly sea surface temperature, salinity and food availability. These fluctuations in abiotic factors have stimulated small pelagic fish populations to exhibit specifically adapted spawning tactics. To better understand to what extent a short‐lived exploited fish species such as bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriata has adapted to an upwelling environment, we have investigated the interrelationship between upwelling intensity as a proxy for productivity and population fecundity by means of a virtual population analysis. We found that females of intermediate size contributed significantly more eggs to the population's fecundity than smaller or larger ones. Our model results further indicate that E. fimbriata exhibits a spawning preference at water temperatures of around 25°C and upwelling intensities of around 2.5 m³ s^?1 m^?1. Hence, we hypothesize that climate change‐driven increases in sea temperatures and modifications of upwelling‐favourable winds could significantly impact the species’ reproductive biology. To understand how climate change might impact fisheries, spawning tactics of small pelagic fishes are important to assess as well as their recruitment success. Such information is particularly relevant in countries where the fishery is critical at socio‐economic level, to better implement fisheries management addressing multiple stressors.     

Fluctuating salinity effect on Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842) physiological responses

Euryhaline fish, such as the Bullseye puffer Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842), experience sudden salinity changes in their natural environment, which is more common than the exception, so they must adapt to survive and cope with extreme salt conditions. Therefore, Bullseye puffer juveniles were exposed to short‐term stress (39 hr) by fluctuating salinity conditions (41, 35, 29, 23, 17, 11, 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 35, 41 psu) with a 3‐hr interval between each point at 26 ± 1ºC in a respirometer chamber and acclimation reservoirs. Responses to oxygen consumption rate (OCR: 23–35 mg O₂ h^–1 kg^–1), ammonium excretion rate (AER: 1–1.85 mg NH4⁺ h^?1 kg^?1), oxygen‐nitrogen atomic ratio (O:N 17–30), osmoregulatory pattern (blood osmotic pressure from 342.4 to 332.8 mmol/kg) and changes in expression levels of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase in the gills (higher values at higher salinities) were measured. Although some signs of stress were detected below the iso‐osmotic point (11.4 psu), the puffer fish is a strong euryhaline fish that survives under these conditions. Nonetheless, it could recover when salinity returned to the initial acclimation point because Sphoeroides annulatus is able to live in a wide range of environments with wide natural salinity fluctuations; thus, a common practice in aquaculture has been to expose fish to low salinity for several reasons discussed in this study. This capacity reveals its high plasticity to saline adaptation from 41 to 5 psu an up from 5 to 41 psu, all in less than 2 days.     

A data transfer method for improving seed identification of maize (Zea mays) haploid breeding based on genetic similarity

Maize haploid breeding technology is able to identify haploid seeds non‐destructively, rapidly and at low cost with the help of Near‐infrared (NIR) spectral analysis. However, due to the hybridization of numerous parents and the low production rate of haploid, the haploid data collection becomes a burden for engineering this technology. Biologically, there are considerable similarities between the progeny of the same female parent and different male parents. Based on this advantage, similar spectral data can be transferred when the NIR technology is employed. A revised method of Transfer adaptive boost (TrAdaBoost) is proposed to improve identifying for the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) classifier. To avoid the negative transfer, a screening thresh is used to select out similar data, and the amount of these data are limited to join current training. The results show that the identification performances are improved significantly when the data amount is small. This method shows a high ability to make the seed identification more convenient for engineering maize haploid breeding.     

基于表驱动的动态数据上报管理系统研究

近年来,信息管理系统广泛应用于各个领域,由于大多研发者只着眼于设计开发自己所需求的应用系统,由此产生一系列问题:各领域内系统整体开发效率低下,系统的扩展性和通用性差,造成了资源的大量浪费。本文针对于数据填报及统计类系统领域,设计并实现包含数据访问构件、数据校验构件、空缺数据填补构件和统计结果查询输出构件在内的可复用软件——基于表驱动的动态数据上报管理系统(DDTMS),以解决信息管理系统中数据填报及统计类系统的共性问题。将DDTMS应用到中国林业生态资源环境承载力:数据投放器和中国生态安全指数系统中,试验表明:该可复用软件具有良好的通用性,极大提高了系统开发效率,改善了系统的扩展性,表现出良好的实用性和稳定性。     

基于数据包络分析的灌区农业生产综合效率评价与分析

为评价中国灌区农业生产综合效率的空间差异性,采用数据包络分析(Data envelopment analysis,DEA)方法对全国440个灌区2010年的农业生产综合相对效率进行评估,并基于不同区域灌区农业生产投入及其冗余状况对生产效率提升途径进行探索。结果表明,8个灌区的相对效率为1.000,达到DEA有效;灌区间农业生产效率差异显著,绝大部分(327个)不足0.300,省区尺度生产效率无明显空间分布规律;各投入指标对应存在冗余灌区个数分别为319(有效灌溉面积)、369(绿水)、155(蓝水)、298(化肥)及207(农业机械);非DEA有效灌区5个投入指标的可减少量占所有评价单元投入总量的比例分别为23.8%、39.2%、18.1%、29.0%以及19.9%。综上可知,各非DEA有效灌区应根据自身投入指标冗余状况优化配置和管理资源以提高区域综合农业生产效率,其中绿水资源高效利用是全国范围内广泛面临的问题;东北和西北地区需注重水土资源配置效率提升,而南方粮食主产区应注重水肥高效利用机制的研究与实践。     

基于EnKF-3DVar模型的海淀区地表温度模拟

以城市化程度较深的北京市海淀区为研究区,基于2005年、2010年和2015年的遥感影像数据,利用基于影像(IB)的算法反演城市地表温度空间分布。将数据同化算法EnKF-3DVar与CA/Markov模型集成,将海淀区的多年平均臭氧浓度空间分布数据同化进行城市地表温度的模拟预测。结果表明海淀区的城市地表温度10年间呈现先下降后上升的趋势,但总体呈现下降趋势,其中2015年的平均温度为31.139 3℃。引入EnKF-3DVar的预测模型能够显著提升模型的模拟精度,所预测的2015年的数据结果 Kappa系数达到0.821 6。在有城市公园绿地的模式下,地表温度高值区呈现缓解趋势,在无城市绿地公园的模式下,城市地表温度高值区呈现出明显的扩张趋势,最高温度达到了56.142 3℃,城市生态绿地对于城市地表温度的空间分布影响巨大,合理布局城市绿地公园意义重大。